In 1960, African-Americans enjoyed neither the economic nor the social standing of the rest of America. They had no access to high-level employment and received about two-thirds the pay of whites for doing the same work. Additionally, the small number of blacks attending colleges or universities lent little optimism for the future. Socially they fared no better. "Black only" restrooms, drinking fountains, and schools reflected the harsh reality that, in America, all men are not equal. …showed first 75 words of 2741 total…

…showed last 75 words of 2741 total…University, Nashville, TN. 10 Oct. 2003. <http://www.galegroup.com>. Stein, Nancy et al. "Affirmative Action Does Not Create Reverse Discrimination." Social Justice (Fall 1995). Reproduced in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. GaleNet. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. 12 Sep. 2003. <http://www.galegroup.com>. Yates, Steven. "Affirmative Action Creates Reverse Discrimination." Civil Wrongs: What Went Wrong with Affirmative Action (1994). Reproduced in Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. GaleNet. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. 29 Sep. 2003. <http://www.galegroup.com>.