Sigmund Freud, an Austrian born during the Habsburg Monarchy, was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. The american historiam william johnston sees freud, the father of psychoanalysis, among those personalities 'that one made austria a shining example of modernism in a world that had lost orientation.' In his function as a neuropathologist freud came to realize that he had no clear understanding of neurotic patterns despite his throrough studies of the human brain. …showed first 75 words of 574 total…

…showed last 75 words of 574 total…in the individual person - the precondition for a reatively free life. According to Freud, failing to achieve self-awareness was not so much caused by the natural impulses as by the bad conscience accumulated. Sigmund Freud was also a great critic of many parameteres of Europe's cultural traditions. He himself never saw psychoanalysis as a dogmatic but rather as a empirici method. Freud was always open for new insights and theoretcal explanations for mental processes.