The Thirty Years War was a series of European conflicts that lasted from 1618 to 1648. The battles were mainly fought in Germany. The struggle was initially based on the religious conflicts among Germans by the Protestant Reformation, but it was later influenced by other issues, including dynastic rivalries. There were four periods in the war, which include the Bavarian Period, Danish Period, Swedish Period, and the French Period. Conflict began when, on May 23, 1618. The Protestants in …showed first 75 words of 3054 total…

…showed last 75 words of 3054 total…, social, and cultural consequences of the war were vast, with Germany the principal victim. Modern estimates suggest that the total population of the Holy Roman Empire fell by between 15 and 20 percent. Villages, as opposed to fortified towns, suffered the most. Except in port cities such as Hamburg and Bremen, economic activity went into decline all across Germany. Uncertainty, fear, disruption, and brutality marked everyday life and remained a memory in German consciousness for centuries.